Used to increase gasoline yield and improve octane yield which improves the antiknock properties of the fuel. Thermal and catalytic processes in petroleum refining. The book includes 1 comparisons of conventional feedstocks with heavy oil, tar sand bitumen, and biofeedstocks. Petroleum sector naics 324 regulatory information by.
Petroleum refining industry profile from first research. Petroleum refining the united states is the largest, most sophisticated producer of refined petroleum products in the world. In this process, crude oil is heated and fed into a distillation column. Chemically resistant masonry, walter lee sheppard, jr. Handbook of petroleum refining by speight, james g. This document pdf may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. The countries with the largest refining throughput are the us, china, russia, india, japan, and south korea. Petroleum refining processes petroleum refining processes are those chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform petroleum crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils. In this article, the petroleum refining process is described, from the initial pretreating of the well fluids to the finished products, as well as the gas treating processes for. Handbook of petroleum refining feedstock composition. The petroleum sector covers the petroleum refining industry which includes the production of petroleum products through distillation and fraction of crude oil, redistillation of unfinished derivations, cracking or other processes.
Petroleum refining free download as powerpoint presentation. This book covers current refinery processes and process types that are likely to come onstream during the next three to five decades. The desulfurization of heavy oils and residua, james g. Petroleum refinery activities start with receipt of crude for storage at the refinery, include all petroleum handling and refining operations, and they terminate with storage preparatory to shipping the refined products from the refinery. Petroleum refining processes petroleum refining processes are those chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform petroleum crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel. The critical materials from petroleum processing and refining industry are heavy. As the temperature of the crude oil in the distillation column rises, the crude oil separates itself into different components, called fractions. Petroleum refining in nontechnical language william l. This program content focuses on the basic definitions of petroleum refining with a brief explanation of crude oil chemistry and the impact on the refinery, and a fundamental discussion of the nature and purpose of the major refining processes. Listed below are 5 categories of general refinery processes and associated operations. Petroleum refining or petroleum processing is the recovery andor generation of usable or salable fractions and products from crude. Petroleum refining processes having direct emission sources are presented on the figure in boldline boxes. Crude oil desalting gas separation atmospheric distillation vacuum distillation desalted crude oil gas plant gas polymerization alkylation fuel gases lpg gasoline sweetening, treating and blending distillate sweetening, treating and blending residual treating and blending hydro treating and blending polymerization naphtha neutane alkylate catalytic isomerization light. To achieve reduced energy consumption, an innovative approach combining microsoft.
Catalysis of organic reactions, edited by william r. The petroleum refining industry in the united states is the largest in the world, providing inputs to virtually any economic sector, including the transport sector. With the depletion of known crude oil reserves, refining companies are seeking petroleum in places other than the usual sources of supply. William lefflers petroleum refining in nontechnical language, fourth edition is designed to give the reader an overview of key refining topics by using relevant analogies, easytounderstand graphs, formulas, and illustrations. Speight is currently editorinchief for the journal of petroleum science and technology, energy. This handbook describes and discusses the features that make up the petroleum refining industry.
This work highlights contemporary approaches to resource utilization and provides comprehensive coverage of technological advances in residuum conversion. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units. Petroleum refining processes from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia jump to. The oillike sludge fuel processing technology provides a new method for. A refinery is a group of manufacturing plants that are designed to produce specific products. The initial process, thermal reforming, was developed in the late 1920s. The petroleum refining industry employs a wide variety of processes. Developed by nelson 1960 to quantify relative costs of refining processes reflects complexity of isbl, no osbl considerations. Speight 2006, the chemistry and technology of petroleum, 4th edition, crc press, isbn 0849390672 150 years of oil in romania world events. This book presents the evolution of refinery processes during the last century and as well as the means by. Petroleum refining processes petroleum refinery in anacortes, washington cc. Special attention is given to the differences between onshore and offshore processes.
Provides figures on petroleum product demand, capacity and inputs, refining production, imports and exports, stocks of crude oil and petroleum products, transportation and petroleum movement, investment and margins, prices and demand. Acetylenebased chemicals from coal and other natural resources, robert j. Within its pages, you will get complete details on the excavation and. It illustrates stateoftheart engineering methods for the refinement of heavy oils, bitumen, and other highsulphur feedstocks. The chemistry and technology of petroleum, james g. You may need a pdf reader to view some of the files on this page. Fractionation distillation is the separation of crude oil in atmospheric and vacuum distillation towers into groups of hydrocarbon compounds of differing boilingpoint ranges called fractions or cuts. Edition handbook of handbook of petroleum refining processes pdf handbook of petroleum processing.
Petroleum refining processes chemical industries speight, james g. Petroleum refining at a glance petroleum refining is a unique and critical link in the petroleum supply chain, from the wellhead to. Fundamentals of petroleum refining provides a thorough and balanced introduction to refinery engineering topics, from basic concepts and unit operations to overall refinery economics, planning and. Petroleum refining and the prod uction of ulsg and ulsd october 24, 2011 page 2 2. Thermal reforming employed temperatures of 510565 c 9501,050 f at moderate pressuresabout 40 bars 4 mpa, or 600 psito obtain gasolines petrols with. Petroleum refining petroleum refining naphtha reforming. Handbook of refinery desulfurization feedstock evaluation.
Petroleum refining involves refining crude petroleum as well as producing raw materials for the petrochemical industry. Throughout the history of refining, various treatment methods have been used to remove nonhydrocarbons, impurities, and other constituents that adversely affect the properties of finished products or reduce the efficiency of the conversion processes. Petroleum refining refers to the process of converting crude oil into useful products. Fundamentals of petroleum refining provides a thorough and balanced introduction to refinery engineering topics, from basic concepts and unit operations to. Leffler 1985, petroleum refining for the nontechnical person, 2nd edition, pennwell books, isbn 0878142800 james g. Petroleum refinery processes speight major reference. The gasoline components are produced from crude oil through a variety of refinery processes and are subsequently mixed in such a way that the.
You basically heat crude oil up, let it vaporize and then condense the vapor. A refinery is an integrated group of manufacturing plants that vary in number according to the variety of products produced. Refining endproducts the primary endproducts produced in petroleum refining may be grouped into four categories. Handbook of petroleum refining processes, fourth edition features chapter contributions from experts at some of the worlds leading petroleum companies, including. Petroleum refining processes are those chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils. In the early days of petroleum processing, because of the character and.
All pall manufacturing facilities adhere to uniform manufacturing procedures and have been granted. Pall has stateoftheart laboratories located throughout the united states, europe, and asia. Alternative processes for removing mercaptans are known, e. Abstract petroleum refining or petroleum processing is the recovery andor generation of usable or salable fractions and products from crude oil. Filtration and separations technologies for petroleum refining.
In addition, the characteristics of refinery products will be explored. Newer techniques use chemical processing on some of the fractions to. In addition, the residue of many refinery processes, asphalt a once. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.
This document pdf may be used for research, teaching and private study. The sulfuric acid alkylation process is being used to develop and demonstrate the capabilities of the system and to achieve source reduction of sulfuric acid and energy. A schematic of the distillation column is shown in figure 2. Health, safety, and accident management in the chemical process. Crude oil desalting gas separation atmospheric distillation vacuum distillation desalted crude oil gas plant gas polymerization alkylation fuel gases lpg gasoline sweetening, treating and blending distillate sweetening, treating and blending residual treating and blending hydro treating and blending polymerization naphtha neutane alkylate catalytic. This course provides a broad technical information on refining processes and petroleum products, enabling a rapid immersion in the refining industry. The crude oil feedstock is typically a blend of two or more crude oils, often with heavy oil or even tar sand bitumen blended in to a maximum. Petroleum refining oil refinery cracking chemistry. Composition the hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes paraffins, cycloalkanes naphthenes and various aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and trace amounts of metals. The text also provides a detailed introduction to refinery engineering topics, ranging from the basic principles and unit operations to overall refinery economics. Light distillates liquid petroleum gas lpg gasoline also known as petrol kerosene jet fuel and other aircraft fuel. Walter seigmund, wikimedia commons petroleum refining processes are those chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform petroleum crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or.
In addition, a specialized group of scientists and engineers is solely dedicated to customers in the petroleum refining industry. This chapter provides an overview of recent advances in several refinery processes, including fluid catalytic cracking fcc, hydrotreatment of catalytically cracked gasoline to produce lowsulfur gasoline while preserving most of the olefins, isomerization of saturated nolefins to avoid an octane number penalty, hydroprocessing of gas oil and vacuum gas oil to produce middle and. Energy bandwidth for petroleum refining processes 4 the total crude distillation capacity of all the refineries in the u. The seminar focuses on the core refining processes of fluid catalytic cracking, alkylation, hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and catalytic reforming, although all major processes are covered.
The oldest and most common way to separate things into various components called fractions, is to do it using the differences in boiling temperature. This study presents projected profitabilities 19952010 of petroleum refining operations for light lowsulfur and heavy highsulfur crude oils in the u. It begins with a description of the crude oils and their nature, and. Fundamentals of petroleum refining presents the fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics, and it explains the scientific background essential for understanding refinery operations. Each crude oil is unique and is a complex mixture of thousands of compounds. Mar 14, 2017 handbook of petroleum refining processes, fourth edition features chapter contributions from experts at some of the worlds leading petroleum companies, including. The most widespread process for rearranging hydrocarbon molecules is naphtha reforming. Used to increase gasoline yield and improve octane yield which improves the antiknock properties of the. Oil refineries and bulk storage of crude oil and petroleum products. Treating can involve chemical reaction andor physical separation. Crude oil is composed of hundreds of different hydrocarbon molecules, which are separated through the process of refining. Challenges for the refining industry include lowerquality crude oil, crude oil price volatility, and environmental regulations that require cleaner manufacturing processes and higherperformance products. Petroleum refining profitability november 1995 conversion of crude oil is expected to remain the principal source of transportation fuels well into the next century. The refining process how oil refining works howstuffworks.
The crude distillation capacity of individual refineries varies widelyfrom 4,000 to 843,000 bpsd doe 2004. Petroleum refining processes are those chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils petroleum refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve a great. Petroleum refining also involves treating the raw products by a variety of finishing processes to yield marketable products. Petroleum refinery processes speight major reference works. It begins with a description of the crude oils and their nature.
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